Syllogism Basics
Syllogism Basics
Syllogism or Logic Basics: In Logic, any categorical statement is termed as the Proposition.
A Proposition (or a categorical statement) is a statement that asserts that either a part of or the whole of, one set of objects
The set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing that statement - either is included in, or is excluded from, another set that is the set identified by the predicate term in that sentence. The standard form of a proposition is :
Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate
Thus, the proposition consists of four parts :
Illustrations: Here are certain propositions and their parts.
1. All men are animals.
All (Quantifier) Men (Subject) Are (Copula) Animals (Predicate)
2. Some pens are erasers.
Some (Quantifier) Pens (Subject) Are (Copula) Erasers (Predicate)
Four Fold Classification of Propositions : - A proposition is said to have a universal quantity if it begins with a universal quantifier, and a particular quantity if is begins with a particular quantifier. Besides, propositions which assert something about the inclusion of the whole or a part of one set in the other are said to have affirmative said to have a negative quality. Also, a term is distributed in a proposition if it, refers to all members of the set of objects denoted by that term. Otherwise, it is said to be undistributed. Based on the above facts, propositions can be classified into four types :
1. Universal Affirmative Proposition (denoted by A) : - It distributes only the subject i.e., the predicate is not interchangeable with the subject while maintaining the validity of the proposition e.g.,
All snakes are reptiles.
This is proposition A since we cannot say 'All reptiles are snakes'.
2. Universal Negative Proposition (denoted by E) : - It distributes both the subject and the predicate i.e., an entire class of predicate term is denied to the entire class of the subject term, as in the proposition. e.g.,
No boy is intelligent.
3. Particular Affirmative Proposition (denoted by I) : - It distributes neither the subject nor the predicate e.g.,
Some men are foolish.
Here, the subject term 'men' is used not for all but only for some men and similarly the predicate term 'foolish' is affirmed for a part of subject class. So, both are undistributed.
4. Particular Negative Proposition (denoted by O) : - It distributes only the predicate. e.g.,
Some animals are not wild.
Here, the subject term 'animals' is used only for a part of its class and hence is undistributed while the predicate term 'wild' is denied in entirety to the subject term and hence is distributed.
These facts can be summarized as follows :
| Statement Form | Quantity | Quality | Distributed |
|---|---|---|---|
| (A) : All S is P. | Universal | Affirmative | S only |
| (E) : No S is P. | Universal | Negative | Both S and P |
| (I) : Some S is P. | Particular | Affirmative | Neither S nor P |
| (O) : Some S is not P. | Particular | Negative | P only |
Students / Parents Reviews [20]
Abhyas institute is one of the best coaching institute in the vicinity of Ambala cantt.The institute provides good and quality education to the students.The teachers are well experienced and are very helpful in solving the problems. The major advantages of the institute is extra classes for weak...
Shreya Shrivastava
8thIt has a great methodology. Students here can get analysis to their test quickly.We can learn easily through PPTs and the testing methods are good. We know that where we have to practice
Barkha Arora
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Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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Yogansh Nyasi
7thMy experience with Abhyas academy is very nice or it can be said wonderful. I have been studying here from seven class. I have been completing my journey of three years. I am tinking that I should join Abhyas Academy in tenth class as I am seeing much improvement in Maths and English
Hridey Preet
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Ayan Ghosh
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Shreya Shrivastava
8thAbhyas institute is one of the best coaching institute in the vicinity of Ambala Cantt area. The teachers of the institute are well experienced and very helpful in solving the problems of the students.The good thing of the institute is that it is providing extra classes for the students who are w...
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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Om Umang
10thWe started with lot of hope that Abhyas will help in better understnding of complex topics of highers classes. we are not disappointed with the progress our child has made after attending Abhyas. Though need to mention that we expected a lot more. On a scale of 1-10, we would give may be 7.
Manya
8thThird consective year,my ward is in Abhyas with nice experience of admin and transport support.Educational standard of the institute recumbent at satisfactory level. One thing would live to bring in notice that last year study books was distributed after half of the session was over,though study ...
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Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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